How to recognise epilepsy symptoms in children

Paediatric epilepsy is a neurological condition that can manifest with a variety of symptoms, often difficult to recognise. Early identification of the signs of epilepsy is essential to ensure early diagnosis and to identify the most appropriate treatment. In this article we want to talk about the symptoms and the modalities of intervention in case of epileptic seizures in children. What can trigger a seizure and what can happen if an attack occurs?

Epilepsy in children

Epilepsy in children is a significant challenge not only for small patients, but also for their families. This neurological disorder, which can occur at a very early age, requires constant attention and a multidisciplinary approach to ensure effective management. It is important to create a family and school environment that supports the child, reducing triggers and promoting a life as normal as possible.

Parents need to be properly informed and trained to recognise signs of an imminent attack and know how to intervene. Schools must be made aware of and prepared to deal with seizures, ensuring child safety and inclusion in school activities. It is a pathology that involves the environments and people with whom the child interacts. Therefore, working closely with specialists and closely following prescribed therapies can make a big difference in the quality of life of the child with epilepsy.

What are the most common causes and symptoms of epilepsy in children?

Recognising epilepsy symptoms in children can be complex, as they occur in many forms and with different intensities. The warning symptoms of epilepsy include:

  • nausea;
  • excessive sweating;
  • paleness.

These symptoms may precede epileptic seizures, which in turn occur with specific signs such as:

  • staring into space and mental absence;
  • tremors;
  • déjà vu;
  • sensory alterations;
  • jerking movements of the limbs;
  • difficulty breathing;
  • sudden falls;
  • sense of confusion;
  • repeated movements of the head;
  • difficulty speaking;
  • tingling;
  • feeling detached.

How do they recognise each other?

The different types of childhood epilepsy can occur in different ways. Seizures can range from brief moments of distraction, when the child seems to stare into space and be mentally absent, to more serious episodes with jerking limb movements or sudden falls. It is important to be aware of symptoms, such as déjà vu or sensory changes, that may indicate an impending seizure.

Careful observation of the behaviour of the child is essential. As we have previously stated, excessive sweating, paleness and nausea may be warning signs, followed by more obvious symptoms such as tremors or breathing difficulties. When suspected, it is essential to consult a doctor for thorough evaluation.

What can trigger an epileptic seizure in children?

An epileptic seizure in children can be triggered by several factors, some of which are common and easily identifiable, while others may be more complex and less obvious. Understanding these factors is crucial to preventing and managing seizures. The main triggers are:

  • intense sensory stimuli: strong noises, intense visual stimuli or extreme sensory experiences can trigger a seizure;
  • lack of sleep: lack of sleep or poor sleep quality may increase the risk of epileptic seizures;
  • stress and anxiety: situations of emotional stress or anxiety can contribute to a seizure;
  • infections and fever: infectious diseases and high fever can cause epileptic seizures in predisposed children;
  • intense or intermittent lights: exposure to flashing or intense lights may trigger seizures in some children, especially those with photosensitive epilepsy;
  • hormonal changes: in older children, hormonal changes related to puberty can affect the frequency of epileptic seizures;
  • medications and substances: some medications or substances may increase the risk of seizures.

In addition, there are some foods to avoid with epilepsy as they can cause new episodes, namely foods high in refined carbohydrates and sugars, which can adversely affect the stability of the nervous system. Another factor to consider is the ketogenic diet, which has been shown to play a positive role in the control of seizures1. This diet, which is high in fat and low in carbohydrates, can help stabilise brain activity and reduce the frequency of seizures. However, it is important that you follow it under close medical supervision.

How to intervene in the event of a child epileptic attack

Knowing how to intervene during an epileptic attack can make a difference.

  1. Remain calm: calm is essential to deal with the situation effectively.
  2. Protect the child: remove dangerous objects in the vicinity and place the child on one side to facilitate breathing.
  3. Do not hold back their movements: let the seizure run its course without attempting to stop convulsive movements.
  4. Monitor the duration: if the seizure lasts more than five minutes, call for help immediately.
  5. Staying with your child: make sure you are not hurt during and after the seizure, providing comfort and safety.

Treatment of epilepsy in children

Treatment of epilepsy in children may include a combination of anti-epileptic drugs, dietary changes and, in some cases, surgery. There are specific supplements that can support traditional pharmacological treatment, improving the quality of life of the child.

Collaborating with a team of specialists is crucial to developing a personalised treatment plan. Regular monitoring of the evolution of the condition and adapting the treatment to the specific needs of the child can make a big difference in seizure control and quality of life.

1.       Ketogenic diet as support in the treatment of epilepsy syndromes refractory to drug therapies.