Reactive oxygen species (ROS): what they are and what they cause

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemical molecules that contain oxygen. Naturally produced during cell metabolism, especially within the mitochondria, these molecules play essential roles in immune response and cell signalling mechanisms. However, external factors such as pollution, radiation and toxic substances can increase their presence, causing a dangerous imbalance known as oxidative stress, a condition that can compromise cellular structures from within.

What are reactive oxygen species

Reactive forms of oxygen can be divided into two categories of molecules:

• the free radicals including the superoxide anion (O• 2 – ) and the hydroxyl radical (OH.)
• the non-radical molecules, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

They are mainly generated during cellular respiration, near the mitochondrial membrane, when cells produce energy from oxygen and nutrients. In controlled quantities, ROS contribute to the regulation of fundamental processes such as apoptosis (programmed cell death) and defence against pathogens. However, when ROS exceed the body’s capacity to neutralise them, progressive damage is triggered involving DNA, proteins and lipids

Effects of ROS

Excessively high levels of ROS can be extremely damaging to cells, causing irreversible molecular damage.

This oxidative imbalance can affect DNA, promoting the development of genetic mutations that increase the risk of serious diseases, such as cancer. Proteins are another common target of oxidative damage. When their structure is altered, the functionality of the molecules is compromised and thus the performance of the cell’s vital functions. Membrane lipids also suffer significant damage: through a peroxidation process, the integrity of the cell is affected and its ability to communicate and defend itself against external stresses is weakened.

These structural alterations underlie many chronic diseases, for example diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases.

How to prevent ROS damage

To counteract the negative effects of ROS, it is essential to boost the body’s antioxidant defences. This can be done by supplementing the diet with natural antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E and essential minerals such as zinc and selenium, which play a key role in cellular protection.

In addition, there is the importance of a healthy lifestyle: avoiding smoking, reducing chronic stress, practising regular physical activity and following a balanced diet are indispensable strategies for maintaining oxidative balance and preserving general well-being.

Stenovit: innovation against oxidative stress

Stenovit is a dietary supplement developed to support the health of the cardiovascular system and protect cells from oxidative stress thanks to a unique, scientifically validated formulation. Its composition includes a synergistic combination of selenium, L-cysteine, zinc, coenzyme Q10, bioflavonoids and essential vitamins such as A, B6, C and E. This harmonised mixture not only contributes to the protection of cells against oxidising molecules, but also supports normal metabolism of homocysteine, an important risk factor for vascular diseases.

Available in handy vials with a dispenser cap, Stenovit is characterised by its high bioavailability, which ensures optimal absorption of the active ingredients. Furthermore, thanks to moisture-barrier® technology, the ingredients are preserved in their most stable form, ensuring maximum product quality.

Thanks to its scientifically researched formulation, Stenovit supports the protection of endothelial cells, which are often extremely susceptible to ROS-induced damage. Clinical studies have shown that the product not only reduces oxidative stress, but also counteracts elevated homocysteine levels, alleviating symptoms related to inflammation and vascular changes.

We have seen that oxidative imbalance caused by ROS is a major cause of molecular damage leading to even serious conditions. Through a combination of natural antioxidants, specific supplements and the adoption of a healthy lifestyle, it is possible to counteract the negative effects of ROS and preserve cellular health. For pharmaceutical professionals, offering targeted solutions represents an extraordinary opportunity to promote effective prevention strategies and treatments in a population increasingly prone to chronic and degenerative diseases.